注释:

1. Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker (New York: Penguin, 1986), 1.

2. Ibid., 5.

3. A. K. Gauger and D. D. Axe, “The evolutionary accessibility of new enzyme functions: a case study from the biotin pathway,” BIO-Complexity 2, no. 1 (2011): 1–17, accessed March 6, 2012, doi:10.5048/BIO-C.2011.1.

4. Paul S. Moorhead and Martin M. Kaplan, editors, Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution (Philadelphia: Wistar Institute Press, 1967).

5. R. Durrett and D. Schmidt, “Waiting for two mutations: with applications to regulatory sequence evolution and the limits of Darwinian evolution,” Genetics 180 (2008): 1501–1509, accessed March 6, 2012, doi:10.1534/genetics.107.082610.

6. A. K. Gauger, S. Ebnet, P. F. Fahey, and R. Seelke, “Reductive evolution can prevent populations from taking simple adaptive paths to high fitness,” BIOComplexity1, no. 2 (2010): 1–9, accessed March 6, 2012, doi:10.5048/BIOC. 2010.2.

7. J. P. Demuth, T. De Bie, J. E. Stajich, N. Cristianini, and M. W. Hahn, “The evolution of mammalian gene families,” PLoS One 1 (2006): e85, accessed March 6, 2012, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000085.