注释:

1. Francis Collins, The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief (New York: Free Press, 2006), 127–28.

2. See: David Klinghoffer, “Francis Collins: A Biography.” Wesley J. Smith, “Collins Heads NIH,” To the Point (July 30, 2009). David Klinghoffer, “Francis Collins on Abortion,” BeliefNet (July 8, 2009).

3. For information about the Templeton grant to launch BioLogos, see “The Language of God: BioLogos Website and Workshop,” John Templeton Foundation, accessed March 19, 2012, http://www.templeton.org/what-wefund/grants/the-language-of-god-biologos-website-and-workshop.

4. Collins, Language of God, 136–37.

5. Ibid., 138.

6. Ibid., 134.

7. Ibid., 136–37.

8. Ibid.

9. Richard Dawkins, “The Information Challenge,” The Skeptic, 18 (December, 1998).

10. Richard Sternberg, “On the Roles of Repetitive DNA Elements in the Context of a Unified Genomic-Epigenetic System,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 981 (2002): 154–88.

11. Ibid.

12. Sternberg, “On the Roles of Repetitive DNA Elements in the Context of a Unified Genomic-Epigenetic System,” 154–88.

13. Tammy A. Morrish, Nicolas Gilbert, Jeremy S. Myers, Bethaney J. Vincent, Thomas D. Stamato, Guillermo E. Taccioli, Mark A. Batzer, and John V. Moran, “DNA repair mediated by endonuclease-independent LINE-1 retrotransposition,” Nature Genetics, 31 (June, 2002): 159–65.

14. Galit Lev-Maor, Rotem Sorek, Noam Shomron, and Gil Ast, “The birth of an alternatively spliced exon: 3’ splice-site selection in Alu exons,” Science, 300 (May 23, 2003): 1288–91; Wojciech Makalowski, “Not junk after all,” Science, 300 (May 23, 2003): 1246–47.

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Lineages,” Stem Cells, 23 (2005): 1035–43; E. Peaston, A. V. Evsikov, J. H. Graber, W. N. de Vries, A. E. Holbrook, D. Solter, and B. B. Knowles, “Retrotransposons Regulate Host Genes in Mouse Oocytes and Preimplantation Embryos,” Developmental Cell, 7 (October, 2004): 597–606.

23. Sternberg Shapiro, “How Repeated Retroelements format genome function,” 108–16.

24. Rick Weiss, “Intricate Toiling Found In Nooks of DNA Once Believed to Stand Idle,” Washington Post (June 14, 2007), accessed March 6, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/13/AR2007061302466_pf.html.

25. Erika Check Hayden, “Human Genome at Ten: Life is Complicated,” Nature, 464 (April 1, 2010): 664–67.

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27. Paulo P. Amaral, Marcel E. Dinger, Tim R. Mercer, and John S. Mattick, “The Eukaryotic Genome as an RNA Machine,” Science, 319 (March 28, 2008): 1787–89.

28. Ibid.

29. Makalowski, “Not Junk After All,” 1246–47.

30. Ibid.

31. Collins, The Language of God, pg. 139.

32. Karl Giberson and Francis Collins, The Language of Science and Faith: Straight Answers to Genuine Questions (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2011), 43.

33. Private correspondence with Dr. Miller.

34. See for example D. Zheng and M. B. Gerstein, “The ambiguous boundary between genes and pseudogenes: the dead rise up, or do they?,” Trends in Genetics, 23 (May, 2007): 219–24; S. Hirotsune et al., “An expressed pseudogene regulates the messenger-RNA stability of its homologous coding gene,” Nature, 423 (May 1, 2003): 91–96; O. H. Tam et al., “Pseudogene-derived small interfering RNAs regulate gene expression in mouse oocytes,” Nature, 453 (May 22, 2008): 534–38; D. Pain et al., Multiple Retropseudogenes from Pluripotent Cell-specific Gene Expression Indicates a Potential Signature for

Novel Gene Identification,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280 (February 25, 2005):6265–68; J. Zhang et al., “NANOGP8 is a retrogene expressed in cancers,” FEBS Journal, 273 (2006): 1723–30.

35. Evgeniy S. Balakirev and Francisco J. Ayala, “Pseudogenes, Are They ‘Junk’ or Functional DNA?,” Annual Review of Genetics, 37 (2003): 123–51.

36. Ryan Charles Pink, Kate Wicks, Daniel Paul Caley, Emma Kathleen Punch, Laura Jacobs, and David Paul Francisco Carter, “Pseudogenes: Pseudo-functional or key regulators in health and disease?,” RNA, 17 (2011): 792–98.

37. Collins acknowledges that the caspase-12 gene produces a full-fledged protein in chimps, so this is not a case where humans share a non-functional stretch of DNA with another species. In fact, the gene is not always a pseudogene in humans. According to a paper in The American Journal of Human Genetics,28% of people in sub-Saharan Africa have a functioning copy of the caspase-12 gene, as do lower percentages in some other human populations. Collins ignores the obvious possibility that caspase-12 was originally designed to produce a functional protein in humans but was rendered noncoding bya mutation in some human populations at some point the recent past. See Yali Xue, Allan Daly, BryndisYngvadottir, Mengning Liu, Graham Coop, Yuseob Kim, Pardis Sabeti, Yuan Chen, Jim Stalker, Elizabeth Huckle, John Burton, Steven Leonard, Jane Rogers, and Chris Tyler-Smith, “Spread of an Inactive Form of Caspase-12 in Humans Is Due to Recent Positive Selection,” The American Journal of Human Genetics, 78 (April, 2006): 659–70.

38. M. Lamkanfi, M. Kalai, and P. Vandenabeele, “Caspase-12: an overview,” Cell Death and Differentiation, 11: (2004)365–68.

39. Sug Hyung Lee, Christian Stehlik, and John C. Reed, “COP, a Caspase Recruitment Domain-containing Protein and Inhibitor of Caspase-1 Activation Processing,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276 (September 14, 2001): 34495–500.

40. Lamkanfi, Kalai, and Vandenabeele, “Caspase-12: an overview,” 365–68.

41. Collins, quoted in Catherine Shaffer, “One Scientist’s Junk Is a Creationist’s Treasure,” Wired Magazine Blog (June 13, 2007), accessed March 6, 2012.

42. See discussion in Jonathan Wells, The Myth of Junk DNA (Seattle: Discovery Institute Press, 2011), 98–100.

43. Collins, The Language of God, 138.

44. Jonathan Marks, What it means to be 98% Chimpanzee: Apes, People, and their Genes (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003), 39.

45. Kenneth R. Miller, Only a Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America’s Soul (New York: Viking, 2008), 107.

46. Daniel Fairbanks, Relics of Eden: The Powerful Evidence of Evolution in Human DNA (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2007), 27.

47. Yuxin Fan, Elena Linardopoulou, Cynthia Friedman, Eleanor Williams, and Barbara J. Trask, “Genomic Structure and Evolution of the Ancestral Chromosome Fusion Site in 2q13-2q14.1 and Paralogous Regions on Other Human Chromosomes,” Genome Research, 12 (2002): 1651–62.

48. Richard Sternberg, “Guy Walks Into a Bar and Thinks He’s a Chimpanzee:The Unbearable Lightness of Chimp-Human Genome Similarity,” Evolution News & Views (May 14, 2009), accessed March 6, 2012.http://www.evolutionnews.org/2009/05/guy_walks_into_a_bar_and_think020401.html (internal citations removed).

49. Collins, The Language of God, 133–34.

50. Ibid., 136–37.

51. For an in-depth discussion of these studies, see Wells, The Myth of Junk DNA.